Business Economics
April 2025 Examination
Q1. XYZ Pvt. Ltd., a mid-sized manufacturing company producing eco-friendly water bottles, has witnessed a surge in demand due to increased environmental awareness. However, the company faces several significant challenges in scaling up production to meet this growing demand. Firstly, the limited availability of skilled labor poses a constraint on expanding production capacity. Secondly, the company depends on imported machinery, with a three- month lead time, which delays the procurement process and hampers timely scaling efforts.
Additionally, seasonal variations in the availability of raw materials further disrupt production schedules and supply chain efficiency. These factors collectively restrict XYZ Pvt. Ltd.’s ability to respond swiftly to the rising demand, despite the reduction in production costs due to government subsidies on raw materials. As a result, the company is assessing its capacity to increase production effectively to capitalize on the growing eco-friendly water bottle market. Analyze the above scenario and discuss the concept on elasticity of supply and discuss the various determinants of elasticity of supply. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
In today’s competitive business landscape, supply-side responsiveness plays a crucial role in determining the success of a firm. XYZ Pvt. Ltd., a mid-sized manufacturing company producing eco-friendly water bottles, has experienced a significant increase in demand due to rising environmental consciousness among consumers. While this surge presents an opportunity for growth, the company faces challenges in scaling up production. Limited availability of skilled labor, dependence on imported machinery with long lead times, and seasonal variations in raw material supply restrict its ability to respond efficiently to the demand shift. Despite the
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Q2. XYZ Tech Solutions is a growing software company specializing in developing mobile applications. The company plans to launch a new app designed to improve customer engagement for retail businesses. Management believes that the app will attract significant interest, but they are unsure of the future demand, especially since the market for such applications is still evolving. To make informed decisions regarding production, marketing, and resource allocation, XYZ Tech Solutions needs a reliable demand forecast. To address this, XYZ Tech decides to use the Delphi technique. On the above scenario, discuss the various factors affecting demand forecasting and details about Delphi technique method of demand forecasting with respect to above context. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Demand forecasting plays a crucial role in strategic planning for businesses, especially in industries experiencing rapid technological advancements. XYZ Tech Solutions, a growing software company specializing in mobile applications, is preparing to launch a new app designed to improve customer engagement for retail businesses. While management expects significant interest, the uncertainty surrounding market demand poses a challenge. Given that the market for such applications is still evolving, an accurate demand forecast is essential for making informed decisions on
Q3. XYZ Electronics, a leading retailer in consumer electronics, is planning to introduce a price reduction on their latest smartphone model, the SmartTech Pro. The current price of the smartphone is ₹50,000, and the company estimates that if they lower the price to ₹45,000, the quantity demanded will increase from 10,000 units to 15,000 units
- a) Calculate the price elasticity of demand for the SmartTech Pro using the percentage/proportionate change method. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Price elasticity of demand (PED) is a key economic concept that measures how the quantity demanded of a product responds to changes in its price. For businesses, understanding this concept is crucial for making pricing decisions, as it helps predict consumer behavior and revenue impact. XYZ Electronics is considering lowering the price of its latest smartphone, the SmartTech Pro, from ₹50,000 to ₹45,000. The company estimates that this price reduction will increase demand from 10,000 units to 15,000 units. By calculating the price elasticity of demand,
- b) Analyze the above scenario and specify If the company observes that competitors are also reducing their prices for similar models, how might this affect the elasticity of demand for the SmartTech Pro? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
In a competitive market, pricing decisions are rarely made in isolation. If competitors also reduce their prices on similar smartphone models, the demand elasticity for SmartTech Pro may shift. While XYZ Electronics initially observed a high price elasticity (5.0) when reducing its smartphone price, competitor actions could alter consumer responsiveness. In this scenario, analyzing how competition influences elasticity is essential for making informed pricing
Financial Accounting & Analysis
April 2025 Examination
Q1. Prepare final accounts from the following balances –
Trial Balance as on 31.03.2024
Addition information:
- The closing inventory as on 31.03.2024 was valued at Rs. 3,68,500.
- Depreciation on plant @ 15% and on Building @ 10%.
- Outstanding printing and stationery expense Rs. 5000.
- Prepaid advertisement expense Rs. 15000. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
The preparation of final accounts is a critical process in financial accounting, where the financial position and performance of a business are summarized. These statements include the Trading and Profit & Loss Account and the Balance Sheet. Final accounts help stakeholders assess profitability, operational efficiency, and financial stability. The trial balance serves as the foundation for this process. Adjustments, such as depreciation, outstanding expenses, and closing inventory, ensure
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Q2. Raj Limited provides the following information for the immediately preceding two years. From the given information prepare Comparative Income Statement of the company
for the two- year period: (10 Marks)
| Particulars | 2023 | 2024 |
| Rs. Million | Rs. Million | |
| Sales | 5,000 | 3,750 |
| Cost of goods sold | 3,000 | 2,450 |
| Operating expenses | 750 | 490 |
| Financial expenses | 500 | 340 |
| Income tax | 150 | 95 |
| Net profit | 600 | 375 |
Ans 2.
Introduction
A Comparative Income Statement is a key tool in financial analysis that enables the comparison of a company’s financial performance over two or more periods. It highlights changes in revenue, expenses, and profitability, providing insights into the company’s growth trends, efficiency, and areas of improvement. By showing both absolute and percentage changes, a comparative income statement makes it easier for stakeholders to understand how various income statement elements have evolved. In this exercise, we analyze Raj Limited’s income statement for 2023 and 2024 to assess its performance, identifying key trends and underlying causes for any changes in profitability. This analysis uses critical accounting concepts such as cost control,
Q3(a).Dividend is the distribution of profits by a company to its shareholders. Companies generally pay two types of dividends: Interim dividend and Final dividend. You are required to explain the term Dividend and explain the two types of dividends.
(5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
A dividend is the portion of a company’s profits distributed to its shareholders as a reward for their investment in the company. It reflects a company’s financial health, profitability, and commitment to providing returns to shareholders. Dividends can be paid in cash, shares, or other forms and are usually declared by the company’s board of directors. There are primarily two types of dividends: interim dividend and final dividend. These distributions not only signal a company’s performance
Q3(b). In order to take management decisions for a company, it is important to analyze the financial statements of the company in detail with the help of various financial analysis techniques. Explain in one sentence each the 5 techniques of analyzing financial statements. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Financial statement analysis is the process of evaluating a company’s financial data to assess its performance, financial health, and decision-making efficiency. It enables management, investors, and other stakeholders to make informed decisions. Various techniques, including ratio analysis,
Marketing Management
April 2025 Examination
Q1. For products like Amazon Alexa, and Google Siri (Voice assisted task completion gadget), develop a simple consumer buyer behaviour stages-based note to be shared with the Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) of your organization. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Voice-assisted task completion gadgets such as Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant have transformed consumer interactions with technology. These smart assistants leverage artificial intelligence (AI) to perform a range of tasks, from setting reminders and controlling smart home devices to online shopping and providing personalized recommendations. As consumer dependency on convenience and automation increases, the adoption of these devices follows a structured buying behavior process influenced by technological trends, perceived utility, and brand positioni
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Q2. For the product or service of your choice, design a customer-driven marketing strategy that covers four major steps (or components) of the STP marketing model. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
With rising concerns over home security and advancements in smart technology, the demand for smart home security systems has increased significantly. A smart home security system, which includes devices like AI-powered cameras, motion sensors, doorbell cameras, and remote monitoring applications, provides homeowners with real-time security and peace of mind. As urbanization expands and safety becomes a priority, companies in the smart security industry need to develop a well-defined marketing strategy that effectively reaches their target audienc
Q3. LAUNDROMAT INC., one of the UK’s leading laundry and dry cleaning service support providers, has entered India. It is following a franchising model and expanding rapidly. They offer cloth pick-up and drop service as well as at-home ironing service. Currently, they have 15 outlets across 5 cities. The Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) needs to develop a broad market development plan. Certain basic understanding is needed by him, which you can provide by answering the following two questions.
- a) First, identify and explain the four characteristics that affect the marketing of services with one example. Later identify the services of Laundromat Inc. as equal to which specific service characteristic and justify your answer. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Marketing services differ significantly from marketing physical products due to their unique characteristics. Unlike tangible goods, services involve direct customer interaction, customization, and a level of uncertainty in perceived quality. Companies in the service industry, including hospitality, healthcare, and personal care services, must address these unique factors to ensure customer satisfaction and brand loyalty.
Laundromat Inc., as a laundry and
- b) Prepare your brief note for the CMO to suggest what is direct and digital marketing and suggest what Laundromat Inc. needs to do for each. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
With increasing competition in the service industry, adopting direct and digital marketing strategies is crucial for expanding brand reach and customer engagement. Direct marketing involves personalized communication with potential customers through direct mail, telemarketing, and SMS campaigns, while digital marketing leverages online platforms to enhance brand
Organisational Behaviour
April 2025 Examination
- Reflecting on your professional experience, describe any two situations where your job satisfaction and organizational commitment were respectively challenged during a work situation. Also discuss how you responded to these challenges and what were the outcomes? (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Organizational behavior plays a crucial role in shaping employee experiences, influencing job satisfaction, and fostering commitment to an organization. Job satisfaction refers to an individual’s emotional response to their job, while organizational commitment reflects the degree to which an employee identifies with and is dedicated to their organization. These two factors are critical in determining employee engagement, motivation, and overall productivity.
Throughout my professional journey,
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- Write about an experience where perceptual shortcuts, such as stereotyping, the halo effect or selective perception, influenced your judgment of a colleague or how a colleague judge you. Describe the situation, its impact on workplace dynamics and the lessons learned. Also discuss how awareness of these perceptual shortcuts can improve organizational behavior? (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Perception plays a significant role in shaping workplace interactions and professional relationships. It influences how individuals interpret the behavior of colleagues, superiors, and subordinates. However, perception is not always accurate, as individuals often rely on perceptual shortcuts, such as stereotyping, the halo effect, and selective perception, to form quick judgments. These mental shortcuts help simplify complex information but can lead to biased or inaccurate conclusions about others.
In my professional experience, I
- Alpha Corp. takes care of its employees in a number of ways. There are fixed timing, good catering and transportation facilities to its employees. Senior management continuously interacts with junior people even at an informal level. All events are celebrated together. The culture of openness has brought harmony in the organization. Younger employees adapt the culture of seniors quickly. The organization focuses on the overall development of its employees by providing them will all kinds of training and good compensation is offered.
As a result of all these positive aspects of culture, it has been observed that there is a scarcity of competitive drive among employees. Career growth is also not very fast. Being that the organization is highly structured, the facility for feedback and change is minimized. People do not like to task risks. The difference in the quality of research creates resentment among project teams. As stability is a priority even incompetent and unmotivated employees tend to remain in the system. People are still not satisfied with the monetary compensation. An interesting trend observed is that people appreciate the organization and its values but it is the younger set who quit the organization within 2 years of joining. The middle managers leave only when they get senior leadership positions in other place while senior management rarely leaves.
- How would you classify this organization on cultural parameters? What are the problems being encountered by this organization? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Organizational culture plays a significant role in shaping employee behavior, engagement, and performance. Alpha Corp exhibits a strong culture of stability, harmony, and employee welfare, with structured policies, open communication, and emphasis on employee development. However, while these aspects contribute to employee satisfaction, they also lead to certain challenges, including a lack of competitiveness, slow career growth, and resistance to change. By analyzing the cultural parameters of Alpha Corp, we can classify its culture and identify the key