Operations and Supply Chain Management
April 2025 Examination
- Explain the Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) process in the context of the automotive industry by discussing strategies for adjusting production capacity and managing fluctuating demand. Highlight how quantitative techniques for aggregate planning are applied in the automotive sector, considering the hierarchical nature of planning from strategic to operational levels. (10 marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Sales and Activities Planning (S&OP) is crucial for aligning sales projections with manufacturing and supply chain operations. The automobile sector is extremely competitive and demand-sensitive, therefore S&OP is essential to meeting demand effectively while reducing costs and optimising profits. Effective S&OP is needed to manage inventory levels, production capacity, and customer satisfaction given the industry’s complicated supply networks, JIT manufacturing, and variable consumer demand.
The automobile industry
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- Describe the role of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in the pharmaceutical industry. Discuss their applications in enhancing operational efficiency, regulatory compliance, and innovation management. Highlight how these systems contribute to maintaining competitiveness in a highly regulated and dynamic sector. (10 marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
The pharmaceutical industry operates in a highly regulated and dynamic environment where efficiency, compliance, and innovation are critical to maintaining competitiveness. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) play a crucial role in managing the complexities of pharmaceutical operations. ERP integrates various business processes, such as procurement, inventory management, production planning, and financial reporting, into a single cohesive system. On the other hand, PLM facilitates the management of a
3a. Examine the concept of Lean Systems in the healthcare sector by discussing the basic elements of Lean Systems, strategies for successful implementation, and their application in improving operational efficiency and patient care in hospitals. (5 marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Lean Systems in healthcare focus on eliminating waste, improving efficiency, and enhancing patient care. Originating from manufacturing principles, Lean in healthcare aims to optimize workflows, reduce unnecessary processes, and ensure the highest quality of care with minimal resource wastage. Hospitals face challenges such as long patient wait times, inefficient resource utilization, and operational bottlenecks. By implementing Lean strategies, healthcare providers can enhance service delivery, improve patient experiences, and create a streamlined, cost
3b. Analyze the concept of scheduling in healthcare sector by discussing key scheduling techniques and their application in optimizing resource utilization, reducing patient waiting times, and improving service quality in hospitals. (5 marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Effective scheduling in healthcare is critical for optimizing resource utilization, reducing patient wait times, and improving service quality. Given the complexity of hospital operations, scheduling ensures that patients, medical staff, and facilities are efficiently coordinated to enhance overall service delivery. Poor scheduling can lead to overcrowding, delays in treatment, and staff burnout. By implementing robust scheduling techniques, healthcare providers can
Operations Research
April 2025 Examination
- An automobile manufacturing company is evaluating the expected demand for a new electric vehicle (EV) model to optimize its production plan. Due to uncertainty in market demand, the company has decided to use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the likely range of monthly sales. Historical data suggests that demand follows a normal distribution with a mean of 1,000 units and a standard deviation of 200 units. Using random numbers, simulate the monthly sales for 10 months and compute the average sales over this period. Discuss the importance of Monte Carlo simulation in handling uncertainty in demand forecasting. Apply the simulation for the given scenario and analyze the results to suggest an optimal production plan for the EV model. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Forecasting demand for a new electric vehicle (EV) is a complex task due to uncertainty in customer preferences, market trends, and economic factors. An automobile manufacturing company must carefully plan production to avoid overproduction (which leads to excess inventory and high holding costs) and underproduction (which causes stockouts and lost sales opportunities).
To address this challenge, the company can use Monte Carlo simulation, a probabilistic method that models uncertainty and generates multiple demand scenarios. This approach helps businesses make informed
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- You are a procurement manager for an electronics manufacturing company tasked with optimizing the transportation of raw materials from multiple warehouses to various production facilities using transportation problem-solving techniques. There are four warehouses (W1, W2, W3, W4) and five production facilities (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5). The supply and demand at each location are as follows:
| Warehouse | Supply (in tons) |
| W1 | 40 |
| W2 | 30 |
| W3 | 25 |
| W4 | 35 |
| Production Facility | Demand (in tons) |
| P1 | 30 |
| P2 | 25 |
| P3 | 35 |
| P4 | 20 |
| P5 | 20 |
The transportation costs (in $ per ton) from each warehouse to each production facility are:
| P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | |
| W1 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 5 |
| W2 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 6 |
| W3 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
| W4 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Firstly, derive an initial basic feasible solution using Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) to find the initial feasible solution for transporting raw materials from warehouses to production facilities while minimizing transportation costs. Then, use the stepping stone method to identify potential improvements in the initial solution and determine the optimal solution, providing a step-by-step analysis of the stepping stone method, including detailed calculations, improvement possibilities, and the updated allocation in the transportation table. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Efficient transportation planning is crucial in supply chain management to minimize costs while ensuring smooth logistics operations. In an electronics manufacturing company, raw materials need to be transported from multiple warehouses to production facilities at the lowest possible cost. The Transportation Problem is a widely used optimization model that helps allocate resources efficiently while minimizing transportation expenses.
In this scenario, we have four warehouses supplying raw materials and five production facilities demanding these
- You are managing a large-scale renewable energy power plant construction project. The project consists of multiple interdependent activities that must be carefully planned and executed to ensure timely commissioning of the facility. Consider the following activities and their dependencies:
- Land Clearance (A)
- Foundation Construction (B)
- Turbine Installation (C)
- Power Transmission Setup (D)
- Control Room Configuration (E)
- External Landscaping (F)
- Final Testing and Handover (G)
The estimated durations and dependencies are as follows:
| Activity | Duration (weeks) | Dependencies |
| A | 2 | – |
| B | 5 | A |
| C | 6 | A |
| D | 4 | B, C |
| E | 3 | D |
| F | 2 | D, E |
| G | 1 | F |
Part a: Using this data, create a project schedule to identify the earliest start and finish times for each activity. Determine the critical path for the project and calculate the total project duration. (5 Marks)
Now assume activity durations follow a normal distribution with the following means and standard deviations:
| Activity | Mean Duration (weeks) | Standard Deviation (weeks) |
| A | 2 | 0.3 |
| B | 5 | 0.8 |
| C | 6 | 0.9 |
| D | 4 | 0.4 |
| E | 3 | 0.5 |
| F | 2 | 0.3 |
| G | 1 | 0.2 |
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Project scheduling is a crucial aspect of project management, especially for large-scale construction projects like a renewable energy power plant. The aim is to plan activities efficiently to minimize delays and ensure timely project completion. The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a widely used technique that helps identify the sequence of dependent tasks that determine the project duration. By analyzing activity durations and dependencies, CPM provides insights into the
Part b: Using the provided data, calculate the probability of completing the project in 14 weeks or less and the probability of completing the project between 13 and 15 weeks. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
In real-world projects, activity durations often fluctuate due to uncertainties such as weather, resource availability, or unforeseen technical issues. Instead of assuming fixed durations, we model activity durations as a normal distribution and calculate the probability of completing the project within a specific time frame. Using PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), we analyze the likelihood of completing the project within 14 weeks and between 13 and 15 weeks.
Concept
Project Management
April 2025 Examination
- Discuss the four types of project closure using suitable examples and explain the key characteristics of each type and their implications for project management? (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Project closure is the final phase of the project life cycle, signifying the completion of all activities and the formal conclusion of the project. It is a crucial step to ensure that project deliverables meet the required standards, lessons are documented for future projects, and resources are released efficiently. Effective project closure prevents lingering issues and ensures the project achieves its intended goals. There are four main types of project closure: normal closure, premature closure, perpetual closure, and failed project closure. Each type has unique characteristics and implications for project management. Understanding these closure types helps project managers handle challenges efficiently, ensuring that resources, stakeholders, and organizational
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- Discuss the eight steps in the Project Portfolio Management (PPM) process as described by Longman and Englund. Illustrate your explanation with relevant examples, highlighting the significance of each step in ensuring alignment with organizational goals. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Project Portfolio Management (PPM) is a structured approach that organizations use to select, prioritize, and manage projects to ensure alignment with strategic goals and resource optimization. The PPM framework by Longman and Englund consists of eight essential steps that guide businesses in making informed decisions about which projects to undertake and how to allocate resources efficiently. Effective PPM helps organizations maximize value, minimize risk, and ensure that all projects contribute to long-term success. By implementing a disciplined approach, businesses can avoid resource conflicts, ensure project viability, and optimize financial and human
Explain the concept of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) in project management by solving the following:
3.a) You are the project manager of a project with a budget of ₹1,200,000. The project duration is 8 months, and two teams are working for a total of 12,000 hours. As per the project schedule, 45% of the work should be completed by now. However, the project is 50% complete, and 60% of the budget has been spent. Calculate PV, EV, CV, SV, CPI, and SPI, and interpret the results. (5 Marks)
3.b) Your project is scheduled for 18 months. Five teams are working on three critical deliverables. Some teams are ahead of schedule, while others lag. Some areas face cost overruns, while others see cost savings, making it challenging to assess whether the project is over or under budget. Six months into the project, with a total budget of ₹3,600,000, you have already been spent ₹1,500,000, and the CPI is 0.8. Calculate the EAC, ETC, and VAC, and interpret the results. (5 Marks)
Ans 3.
Introduction
Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is a performance measurement technique used in project management to track project progress, assess financial performance, and predict future outcomes. Unlike traditional financial tracking methods that focus solely on expenditures, EVA integrates scope, schedule, and cost, providing a comprehensive view of project efficiency. It enables project managers to answer crucial questions such as whether the project is ahead or behind schedule, under or over budget, and how efficiently resources are being
Rural Marketing
April 2025 Examination
- Pricing plays a important role in Rural Markets how does a company selling agro inputs as fertilizers and seeds plan their pricing strategy. (10 marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Pricing plays a crucial role in rural markets, especially in the agricultural sector, where farmers rely on essential inputs like fertilizers and seeds. The affordability and accessibility of these inputs significantly impact agricultural productivity and, consequently, the rural economy. Companies dealing in agro-inputs must formulate pricing strategies that align with the financial capabilities of farmers, seasonal demand fluctuations, and competitive market conditions. Unlike urban consumers, rural buyers are more price-sensitive due to their dependency on agricultural income, which is often uncertain and influenced by climatic conditions, government policies, and fluctuating crop prices.
In India, where a large proportion of the population is engaged in farming, pricing strategies for agro-inputs
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- Mr Sharma of Universal corporation wants to grow sales in the southern rural markets of India for a regional brand of Edible oils , what steps he should follow to increase the Brand Equity and increase market share. (10 marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Mr. Sharma of Universal Corporation aims to expand sales and market share for a regional brand of edible oils in the southern rural markets of India. The rural consumer base in the southern states presents unique opportunities and challenges, as purchasing decisions are influenced by factors such as cultural preferences, cooking traditions, local competition, and price sensitivity. The edible oil market in rural India is highly competitive, with multiple national and regional brands vying for consumer trust and loyalty.
To increase brand equity, Mr. Sharma must focus on creating strong brand awareness, establishing trust, and differentiating the product through quality, health benefits, and competitive pricing. Effective
- Case study – Famous Garments
The company has been manufacturing and selling ladies and children garments for past two decades in rural markets , the sales are steady and the Brand is popular ,however in the past two years the company is observing that there is a shift from its brand and sales are stagnant ,the reasons analyzed are that the company does not rate and rank the garments as per different segments in the market and follows a pan India mass marketing strategy ,the result is sales in certain regions are good and sales in some slow
- How does the company segment the markets for garments keeping in mind the Pan India approach? (5 marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Famous Garments, a well-established brand in the rural market, has been experiencing stagnant sales due to a lack of structured market segmentation. The company follows a mass marketing approach across India, leading to uneven sales distribution. To enhance market penetration and improve sales performance, segmenting the market based on specific criteria is essential.
Concept and Application
- Geographic
- What factors they should keep in mind in the segmentation process? (5 marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
For Famous Garments to implement an effective segmentation strategy, several factors must be considered to ensure relevance, efficiency, and profitability. These factors help in identifying the right customer groups and aligning marketing efforts accordingly. A well-planned segmentation approach
Sales Management
April 2025 Examination
Q1. A leading retail chain has been experiencing inconsistent sales performance across its branches. The management believes that a lack of proper sales training is a key reason for this issue. As the sales manager, how would you design a sales training program to address this problem and improve overall performance? (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Sales performance is a critical factor in determining the success of any retail chain. Inconsistent sales across branches indicate underlying issues that must be addressed strategically. One of the key reasons behind this inconsistency is often the lack of adequate sales training. A well-designed sales training program enhances employees’ product knowledge, selling skills, customer service capabilities, and overall confidence. Proper training can lead to better engagement with customers, improved conversion rates, and higher revenue. In today’s competitive market, a structured training program not only ensures better sales performance but also improves employee retention by fostering professional development. This program will be designed to address the gaps in the retail chain’s current sales strategies and
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Q2. Prepare a Sales Plan for a brand of electronic goods focusing in rural market. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
The rural market in India presents a vast and largely untapped opportunity for electronic goods brands. With increasing digital penetration, government initiatives for rural electrification, and rising disposable incomes, rural consumers are becoming more inclined to purchase electronic products. However, the challenges of reaching these markets, such as poor infrastructure, lower brand awareness, and price sensitivity, require a well-structured sales plan. A successful rural sales strategy must focus on affordability, accessibility, and trust-building. The objective of this sales plan is to create a
Q3. Read the case & answer the questions based on the case:
A luxury hotel chain, Grandstay Hotels, has been facing challenges in increasing its corporate bookings and repeat customers. The management has decided to focus on personal selling to target high-end corporate clients and loyalty programs to encourage repeat visits. They plan to hire a dedicated sales team to personally interact with potential clients, offering customized packages and services.
As the Sales Manager of Grandstay Hotels, you are tasked with setting clear personal selling objectives and determining sales-related marketing policies to support this initiative.
Questions
- a) What objectives would you set for your sales team to achieve success in targeting corporate clients and increasing repeat customers? How would you ensure that these objectives align with the hotel’s overall goals? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Grandstay Hotels is a luxury hotel chain aiming to enhance its corporate bookings and customer retention through personal selling and loyalty programs. As a Sales Manager, setting clear objectives for the sales team is crucial to ensure focused efforts, measurable outcomes, and alignment with the hotel’s broader vision. The objectives must be designed to enhance brand positioning, drive
- b) What marketing policies should you implement to support the sales team’s efforts? How would you structure pricing, promotions, and loyalty programs to attract high-end corporate clients and encourage repeat visits? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
To support the sales team’s efforts in attracting corporate clients and increasing repeat bookings, well-structured marketing policies must be implemented. These policies should focus on strategic pricing, promotional campaigns, and loyalty programs that enhance the perceived value of Grandstay Hotels for business travelers, ensuring customer satisfaction and long-term
Start your Start up
April 2025 Examination
- Ananya and Ravi, undergraduate students, attend a startup boot camp at their college. During a brainstorming session, the organizers challenge participants to generate an innovative business idea that addresses a common problem in urban areas. Ananya suggests creating a platform to connect people with leftover food to community kitchens and shelters to reduce food wastage. Ravi, on the other hand, proposes developing smart trash bins that incentivize waste segregation by offering discounts or coupons when used correctly. The duo is unsure which idea to pursue and how to refine their concepts into actionable business plans.
Question:
How would you evaluate the innovative ideas suggested by Ananya and Ravi. Which idea would you recommend for implementation and why? Suggest ways to refine the chosen idea for better execution. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Innovation in entrepreneurship is driven by identifying and addressing pressing social or environmental challenges with viable business solutions. In an urban landscape where food wastage and waste management remain critical concerns, Ananya and Ravi propose two distinct startup ideas to tackle these issues. Ananya’s concept focuses on reducing food wastage by connecting individuals with excess food to community kitchens and shelters, thereby ensuring surplus food reaches those in need. Ravi’s idea revolves around incentivizing proper waste segregation using smart trash bins that reward users with discounts or coupons. Both concepts
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- Rohan, a college student passionate about technology, plans to launch a startup offering customized 3D-printed products, such as phone cases, jewellery, and decorative items. He believes his idea has potential but struggles to create a detailed business plan. His mentor suggests focusing on key components such as market analysis, value proposition, operations, revenue model, and marketing strategy. Rohan has identified a target audience of college students and young professionals but is unsure how to address other components of his business plan.
Question:
Help Rohan outline the key components of a startup business plan for his customized 3D- printed products. Provide specific examples to guide him in developing each component. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Starting a business requires more than just a great idea; it demands a structured and well-researched business plan to ensure success. Rohan, a college student passionate about technology, aims to launch a startup offering customized 3D-printed products, including phone cases, jewelry, and decorative items. While he has identified a potential target audience of college students and young professionals, he struggles to develop a comprehensive business plan that covers critical aspects such as market analysis, value proposition, operations, revenue model, and marketing strategy. A well-structured business plan will help him attract investors, secure funding, and create a sustainable business model. By focusing on these key elements, Rohan
- Arjun has launched a tech startup called “SmartServe” that provides AI-powered customer service solutions to small and medium-sized businesses. While the technology is innovative, the startup faces challenges such as limited market penetration, competition from established players, and difficulty in securing long-term clients. Arjun is now planning a strategic roadmap to scale his business. He is evaluating two critical areas: identifying his target market and designing a competitive pricing strategy to attract more clients while maintaining profitability.
Questions:
- a) How can Arjun identify the right target market for “SmartServe” to ensure focused growth? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
For a tech startup like “SmartServe” to achieve sustainable growth, identifying the right target market is essential. Without a focused approach, efforts in marketing, sales, and customer engagement may become scattered, leading to wasted resources. Arjun must strategically define his audience to ensure that his AI-powered customer service solutions effectively meet the needs of businesses that can
- b) Suggest a competitive pricing strategy for “SmartServe” that balances client acquisition and profitability. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Setting the right pricing strategy is crucial for SmartServe’s success. A balance between affordability for customers and profitability for the company must be maintained. Since SmartServe competes with established players, offering competitive pricing while demonstrating value is essential to attracting long-term clients and ensuring business
Strategic Management
April 2025 Examination
- Vikas is the CEO of “GreenTech Solutions,” a mid-sized company that manufactures solar panels. The company has been experiencing declining sales over the past year due to increased competition, rising raw material costs, and changes in government policies. Vikas decides to conduct a strategic analysis to identify GreenTech’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) to create a plan for future growth.
Question:
Using the SWOT analysis framework, help Vikas assess the current situation of GreenTech Solutions. Provide strategic recommendations based on the analysis to improve the company’s performance. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
GreenTech Solutions, a mid-sized solar panel manufacturing company, faces significant challenges such as declining sales, increased competition, rising raw material costs, and unfavorable government policies. In a rapidly evolving renewable energy sector, strategic analysis becomes imperative for sustaining competitiveness and achieving growth. SWOT analysis is a valuable tool that enables businesses to identify internal strengths and weaknesses and assess external opportunities and threats. By applying this framework, Vikas, the CEO, can devise strategic measures to
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- Meera is the founder of “EcoWear,” a startup producing biodegradable clothing. After initial success in her home city, Meera wants to scale her business nationally. However, she faces challenges like increasing competition, limited brand recognition, and higher logistics costs for nationwide distribution. To achieve sustainable growth, Meera decides to formulate a strategy that aligns her resources and capabilities with market opportunities.
Question:
Assist Meera in formulating a growth strategy for EcoWear by identifying key strategic goals and actionable steps. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
EcoWear, a promising startup producing biodegradable clothing, has successfully established a foothold in its home city, capturing the attention of environmentally conscious consumers. However, scaling the business nationally presents new challenges, including increasing competition, limited brand recognition, and higher logistics costs. For Meera, the founder, achieving sustainable growth requires a well-defined strategy that leverages EcoWear’s unique value proposition while addressing
3a. Ananya recently started a bakery called “Baked Bliss” that specializes in organic, gluten- free pastries. She wants her bakery to stand out in the market and develop a clear identity for customers. Ananya believes having a well-defined vision and mission statement will help her communicate her values and goals effectively. She asks for your help in drafting these statements.
Question:
Help Ananya create a vision and mission statement for “Baked Bliss” that reflects her goals for the bakery and the values she wants to promote. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Ananya’s bakery, Baked Bliss, specializes in organic, gluten-free pastries, reflecting her commitment to quality and health-conscious living. To establish a distinct identity and effectively communicate her bakery’s values, Ananya recognizes the importance of crafting a clear vision and mission statement. These statements will serve as guiding principles for decision-making and resonate
3b. Ravi owns a small coffee shop, “Café Aroma,” which offers a variety of coffee blends and snacks. While many coffee shops in his area offer similar products, Ravi wants to make Café Aroma stand out. He decides to differentiate his shop by offering unique, organic, and locally sourced ingredients, as well as a cozy, artsy environment with live performances on
weekends. Ravi believes this will attract customers who appreciate high-quality, personalized experiences over standard offerings.
Question:
Explain how Ravi is using a differentiation strategy for Café Aroma and how this can benefit his business. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Café Aroma, owned by Ravi, stands out in a saturated market of coffee shops by emphasizing unique, organic, and locally sourced ingredients combined with a cozy, artsy atmosphere. Ravi’s focus on providing a personalized and high-quality experience differentiates his business from competitors that offer standardized products. This differentiation strategy is central to building a loyal customer base that values authenticity and a creative environment. By crafting a distinct identity for Café Aroma, Ravi can position his business as a preferred choice for coffee
Business & Allied Law
April 2025 Examination
- A car manufacturing company, XYZ Pvt. Ltd., entered into a contract with a supplier, Rubcotex Enterprises, for the delivery of synthetic rubber worth ₹20,00,000. The contract stipulated that Rubcotex must deliver the rubber within 45 days. However, the supplier failed to provide the rubber on time, causing production bottlenecks and significant losses to XYZ Pvt. Ltd. What are the legal implications of a breach of contract and remedies available to XYZ Pvt. Ltd., as per the Indian Contract Act, 1872? (10 marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Contracts are the foundation of commercial transactions, ensuring the smooth functioning of businesses by defining rights, duties, and obligations. Under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a contract is a legally enforceable agreement that binds parties to their commitments. In this scenario, XYZ Pvt. Ltd. and Rubcotex Enterprises entered into a contract for the supply of synthetic rubber worth ₹20,00,000, with a stipulated delivery period of 45 days. However, Rubcotex
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- Ramkrishna Traders is a partnership firm formed by three partners — Tina, Amit, and Kamal. As per the partnership deed, each partner has contributed equal capital and receives an equal share in profits. After four years of operation, Amit decided to retire due to health issues. With the consent of Tina and Kamal, Amit wants to admit his 16-year-old son, Anish, to the partnership in his place. Discuss the legal implications of Amit’s retirement as per the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. Additionally, analyze whether Anish can be admitted as a partner and his legal position in the firm. (10 marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
A partnership is a business structure where two or more individuals collaborate to run a business and share profits as per an agreement. The Indian Partnership Act, 1932 governs the rights, duties, and liabilities of partners. In the case of Ramkrishna Traders, a partnership firm with three equal partners—Tina, Amit, and Kamal—Amit has decided to retire due to health concerns. The
- Ishaan purchased a premium smartwatch manufactured by ABCTech Pvt Ltd. for Rs 15,000 from TechShop.com, an e-commerce platform. The product came with a one-year warranty. However, within a month of usage, the smartwatch malfunctioned, causing Ishaan a minor electric shock when wearing it. Ishaan immediately reported the issue to TechShop.com and requested a replacement. Since the 15-day return window had lapsed, TechShop refused to assist and asked Ishaan to contact the manufacturer. But, ABCTech also did not accept liability, arguing that Ishaan might have mishandled the smartwatch.
- As Ishaan believes the product was defective, how can he hold the e-commerce platform and manufacturer liable under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019? (5 marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 safeguards consumers from unfair trade practices, defective products, and deficient services. Under this Act, both e-commerce platforms and manufacturers can be held accountable for selling defective products that cause harm to consumers. In this case, Ishaan purchased a premium smartwatch from TechShop.com, but within a month, it
- b) What defenses can TechShop.com and ABCTech Pvt. Ltd raise in this case? (5 marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
When faced with a consumer complaint, businesses have the right to defend themselves against unwarranted claims. In this case, TechShop.com and ABCTech Pvt. Ltd. may argue that they are not responsible for the defect or that Ishaan’s complaint is not justified under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. By analyzing possible defenses, we can determine whether the manufacturer or e-
Business Communication
April 2025 Examination
- You have been invited for a crucial meeting and this is your wonderful chance to make a good impression as your head of marketing will be present in the meeting. You have been tasked to moderate the meeting. What are the things that you should keep in mind during and after the meeting to maximize benefits from the outcome of this meeting? (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Effective business communication is crucial for professional success, particularly when leading a high-stakes meeting with key stakeholders. As a moderator, your role is not only to facilitate discussion but also to create a structured and productive environment where participants can share insights and make informed decisions. This is a valuable opportunity to demonstrate leadership, clarity, and organizational skills, which can leave a lasting impression on your head of
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- People are spitting chewing gums and pan masala in the newly constructed washroom. All the newly constructed design has taken a bad shape and the housekeeping staff is complaining about it. You need to end this practice. Write a memo to all the employees sensitizing them about the business etiquettes and general guidelines of using the washroom. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Maintaining a clean and hygienic workspace is an essential aspect of professionalism and business etiquette. A well-maintained environment not only enhances the company’s image but also reflects the collective responsibility of all employees. Unfortunately, it has been observed that the newly constructed washrooms in the office premises are being misused, with employees spitting
- ABC coaching academy has started recently. They understand that coaching is a different industry and they have lined up the best faculties and have priced themselves low than their competitors. However, since they do not have credentials to support, they intend to write emails to prospective parents addressing their possible concerns of putting their children to this coaching academy. To expand their business, they are also inviting franchisees. ABC coaching academy is looking to open 2-3 franchisees now as they are new.
- Write an email to a couple of possible people who would be willing to invest in franchisees. Your email should be convincing them to open new branches across the city? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
(a) Email to Potential Franchise Investors
Subject: Exclusive Opportunity to Partner with ABC Coaching Academy
Introduction
We hope this email finds you well. At ABC Coaching Academy, we are revolutionizing the coaching industry with top-tier faculty and an affordable fee structure. As a new but rapidly growing academy, we are now expanding our footprint by inviting passionate entrepreneurs to invest in our franchise model. This is an exciting opportunity to be part of a promising venture that addresses the
- Write a letter to all the parents assuring them the best for their children and answer the possible queries that they may have? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
(b) Letter to Parents Addressing Concerns
Subject: Ensuring the Best Education for Your Child at ABC Coaching Academy
Dear Parents,
We understand that choosing the right coaching academy for your child is a crucial decision. At ABC Coaching Academy, we prioritize quality education with expert faculty, structured learning programs, and affordable fees. While we are a new institution, our commitment to student success sets us apart. We are dedicated to providing an excellent learning environment that fosters
Business Ethics and Corporate Governance
April 2025 Examination
- You are the marketing manager at a popular beverage company, SparkFizz Co. The company is about to launch a new energy drink targeted at young adults. During product testing, you discover that the drink contains high levels of sugar and caffeine, which could lead to potential health risks if consumed in large quantities. You are offered a significant bonus if the product achieves record-breaking sales in the first quarter. Promoting the drink as “healthy and energizing” would likely boost sales but would mislead customers. However, the company’s product launch depends on your marketing campaign. Highlighting the health risks transparently could lead to lower sales and damage the company’s reputation, potentially leading to layoffs. Identify whether the situation presents an ethical temptation, an ethical dilemma, or both. Justify your answer with the key differences between the two concepts. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
In today’s competitive business environment, ethical decision-making plays a crucial role in shaping the reputation and sustainability of organizations. Marketing professionals often face complex ethical challenges that require balancing corporate profitability with consumer well-being. The case of SparkFizz Co. presents a critical ethical issue: the promotion of an energy drink containing high sugar and caffeine levels, which may pose health risks to consumers. The dilemma arises because marketing
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- Tech Pro Inc., a leading software development firm, is considering two options to increase profitability. The first option involves outsourcing its customer service operations to a country with lower labor costs, which will significantly reduce expenses but may lead to a slight decline in service quality. The second option requires investing in an advanced customer service training program, which will enhance service quality but will be expensive and yield slower returns.
After consulting the board of directors, the CEO decides to outsource customer service operations. This decision aligns with the shareholder model because it ensures higher immediate profits and better dividends for shareholders. However, the decision receives criticism from some employees and customers who feel it undermines service quality.
How does the decision to outsource customer service reflect the shareholder model of business ethics? What are the ethical implications in this case? (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
In the modern business landscape, companies constantly seek ways to enhance profitability and maintain competitive advantage. Tech Pro Inc., a leading software development firm, faces a strategic decision between two options: outsourcing customer service to reduce costs or investing in an advanced training program to improve service quality. The board of directors, prioritizing financial performance, decides to outsource customer service operations to a country with lower labor costs. While this decision aligns with the shareholder model by maximizing immediate profits
- Aman Mathur is the CEO of Super Tech, a fast-growing technology firm. Recently, Aman noticed that some of his senior managers were not adhering to the company’s policy on expense reporting, approving inflated claims without proper checks. Although the amounts were small, Aman knew this could snowball into a larger issue if left unaddressed.
To set the tone at the top, Aman called a meeting with all managers. During the meeting, he emphasized the importance of integrity and transparency in all business operations, including expense reporting. He shared examples of how small ethical lapses can lead to larger scandals and harm the company’s reputation. Aman also voluntarily shared his own expense reports with the team, demonstrating full compliance with the rules. Additionally, he introduced stricter audit mechanisms and announced a rewards program for employees who demonstrate ethical behavior.
By addressing the issue openly and leading by example, Aman reinforced the importance of ethical conduct at all levels of the organization.
- What does ‘tone at the top’ means? How did Aman’s actions demonstrate the concept of “Tone at the Top”? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
“Tone at the top” is a critical concept in corporate ethics, referring to the ethical climate established by an organization’s leadership. When senior executives prioritize integrity, transparency, and accountability, they create a strong ethical culture that influences employees at all levels. In Super Tech, CEO Aman Mathur demonstrated a commitment to ethical leadership by addressing concerns about improper expense reporting. His actions, including open discussions,
- What specific steps did Aman take to promote ethical behavior in Super Tech? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Promoting ethical behavior within an organization requires a combination of leadership, policies, and cultural reinforcement. As the CEO of Super Tech, Aman Mathur took proactive steps to strengthen the company’s ethical framework after identifying minor lapses in expense reporting. Recognizing that unchecked violations could escalate, Aman introduced direct interventions,
Business Statistics for Decision Making
April 2025 Examination
- The management of Swift Rides Pvt. Ltd., a ride-sharing service, wants to understand the factors affecting the Average Daily Rides across their network. They hypothesize that three key variables drive the number of daily rides: Average Daily Active Users, Surge Pricing (Average Multiplier), and Weather Conditions (coded as 1 for adverse weather like rain or snow, and 0 for normal weather). The company has collected monthly data over the last three years.
Table 1: Data Set
|
Period |
Average Daily Rides |
Average Daily Active Users |
Surge Pricing (Avg. Multiplier) |
Weather Conditions (1-Adverse, 0-Normal) |
||||||
| Jan-21 | 12,500 | 25,000 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Feb-21 | 14,000 | 27,000 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Mar-21 | 13,800 | 26,800 | 1.4 | 0 | ||||||
| Apr-21 | 12,200 | 24,500 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
| May-21 | 11,700 | 23,000 | 1.7 | 1 | ||||||
| Jun-21 | 14,300 | 28,000 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Jul-21 | 15,000 | 29,500 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Aug-21 | 13,500 | 27,000 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Sep-21 | 12,900 | 26,200 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Oct-21 | 14,800 | 28,500 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Nov-21 | 13,200 | 26,000 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Dec-21 | 11,900 | 24,500 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
| Jan-22 | 12,600 | 25,500 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Feb-22 | 14,500 | 27,500 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Mar-22 | 13,900 | 27,000 | 1.4 | 0 | ||||||
| Apr-22 | 12,800 | 24,800 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
| May-22 | 11,800 | 23,200 | 1.7 | 1 | ||||||
| Jun-22 | 14,700 | 28,800 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Jul-22 | 15,300 | 30,000 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Aug-22 | 13,700 | 27,200 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Sep-22 | 13,100 | 26,500 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Oct-22 | 14,900 | 29,000 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Nov-22 | 13,300 | 26,300 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Dec-22 | 12,000 | 24,700 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
| Jan-23 | 12,700 | 25,700 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Feb-23 | 14,600 | 27,700 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Mar-23 | 14,000 | 27,200 | 1.4 | 0 | ||||||
| Apr-23 | 12,900 | 25,000 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
| May-23 | 12,000 | 23,500 | 1.7 | 1 | ||||||
| Jun-23 | 14,800 | 29,000 | 1.2 | 0 | ||||||
| Jul-23 | 15,400 | 30,500 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Aug-23 | 13,800 | 27,500 | 1.5 | 1 | ||||||
| Sep-23 | 13,200 | 26,800 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Oct-23 | 14,700 | 28,800 | 1.3 | 0 | ||||||
| Nov-23 | 13,400 | 26,500 | 1.4 | 1 | ||||||
| Dec-23 | 12,100 | 25,000 | 1.6 | 1 | ||||||
On the basis of data given in Table 1, compute the correlation of Average Daily Rides with each independent variable. Perform a multiple regression analysis using the data. Provide insights based on the following metrics:
- Adjusted R-square.
- Multiple R
- ANOVA results (significance of variables) (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Understanding the factors influencing business operations is crucial for effective decision-making. Swift Rides Pvt. Ltd., a ride-sharing company, aims to analyze the impact of key factors on its Average Daily Rides. The three primary variables considered are Average Daily Active Users, Surge Pricing (Average Multiplier), and Weather Conditions (categorized as 1 for adverse conditions and 0 for normal conditions). By performing correlation analysis and multiple regression, we assess how these factors contribute to the fluctuation in daily rides. This
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- On the basis of the data given in Table 1:
- Compute the measures of central tendency of Average Daily Rides, Average Daily
Active Users, and Surge Pricing (Average Multiplier).
- Compute the standard deviations of these 3 variables.
- Construct the histogram for each of these three variables, and comment on their skewness.
(10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Statistical analysis plays a crucial role in understanding business trends and making data-driven decisions. Swift Rides Pvt. Ltd., a ride-sharing company, wants to analyze the central tendency and distribution of key variables, including Average Daily Rides, Average Daily Active Users, and Surge Pricing (Average Multiplier). The goal is to understand the nature of the dataset, its dispersion, and skewness, which will help in making strategic decisions.
By computing measures of central tendency (
- Cura Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a distributor of prescription drugs, manages inventory for a critical medication used in hospitals. The company has observed that demand during the lead time (the time between placing an order with the supplier and receiving the stock) is normally distributed with a mean of 500 units and a standard deviation of 120 units. To avoid shortages in critical situations, the company places a reorder when the inventory falls to 600 units. However, there have been instances of stock-outs, which the management is keen to address.
- What is the probability of a stock-out (i.e., demand during lead time exceeding 600 units)? (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Cura Pharmaceuticals Ltd. manages the inventory for a critical medication used in hospitals. The company follows a standard practice of placing a reorder when inventory falls to 600 units. However, since demand during the lead time follows a normal distribution with a mean of 500 units and a standard deviation of 120 units, stock-outs sometimes occur. A stock-out happens when demand exceeds 600 units before replenishment. To assess the
- The management wants to ensure the probability of a stock-out is no more than 5%. What should the reorder point be (i.e., what should the inventory level be when the company places a reorder)? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Cura Pharmaceuticals Ltd. wants to limit the stock-out probability to 5%. This means that demand during lead time should exceed the reorder point in only 5% of cases. We need to determine the optimal reorder point that ensures this requirement while maintaining inventory efficiency. This calculation is based on the inverse normal distribution, which allows us to find the
Consumer Behaviour
April 2025 Examination
- How has Amul planned its expansion in the US market? How is it giving the consumers in the US “The taste of India”? (10 Marks)
Note:- Please refer article of business standard of 25th March 2024 for writing this answer.
Ans 1.
Introduction
Amul, India’s leading dairy cooperative, has long been synonymous with “The Taste of India,” offering a diverse range of dairy products that have become household staples. Founded in 1946, Amul has played a pivotal role in India’s White Revolution, transforming the country into one of the world’s largest milk producers. Building on its domestic success, Amul has strategically planned its expansion into the United States market, aiming to cater to the growing demand for authentic
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- How are consumers staying digitally relevant in today’s context? How is the online sales increasing and how is it benefiting the consumer? (10 Marks)
Note:- Please refer business standard article of 2nd June 2024 for writing this answer titled Selling like hot cakes: Online sales blaze as consumers click to stay cool.
Ans 2.
Introduction
In the contemporary digital era, consumers are increasingly integrating technology into their daily lives to stay relevant and enhance convenience. The proliferation of smartphones, high-speed internet, and user-friendly applications has transformed the way individuals interact, work, and shop. A notable manifestation of this digital integration is the significant rise in online sales, particularly during periods of extreme weather conditions. For instance, during the heatwave in June 2024,
- Case Study (10 Marks)
Prices of consumer durables may go up
Container prices have shot up by up to 300 per cent in the past one month owing to geopolitical tensions between Israel and Iran following the former’s attack on Hamas, causing shortages and pushing consumer durables companies to increase prices.
Companies have planned increases but some are yet to decide on the extent of the increase. “Inventory shortages, worsened by disruption in the Red Sea due to geopolitical tensions between Israel and Iran, are significantly impacting the logistics landscape.
There is a noticeable shortage of inventories across China, especially in East and South China, compared to its demand. This imbalance has caused shipping container prices to increase by 150-300 per cent, depending on factors like lot size and material type, making it more challenging for businesses to secure cargo space for shipments,” Arjun Bajaj, director at Videotex, an Indian original equipment manufacturer/original design manufacturer, told Business Standard.
He said there was an upward trend in container costs, with prices changing every week and were expected to go up even further, with no clear timeline for resolution from freight operators. This is affecting not only India but also the global supply chain.
The company has not decided on the price increase. However, Super Plastronics, a Kodak brand licensee, is planning to increase prices by 3-5 per cent in June and another 3-5 per cent in July on its TV sets. Avneet Singh Marwah, chief executive officer, said due to rising container prices, coupled with raw material prices shooting up, the company was forced to go in for another round of price elevation. “This situation is similar to the one we faced during the pandemic years, where costs were constantly increasing and we were forced to make our products costlier,” he said. Bajaj said:
“The rise in costs has led to higher manufacturing expenses, increased working capital requirements, disrupted the cash flow, extended production timelines, and complicated delivery schedules. To address these challenges, we are strengthening our collaboration with logistics partners and implementing careful inventory management practices. Currently, Videotex has managed the situation, maintaining sufficient inventories to meet production demands for the next three months.” B Thiagarajan, managing director, Blue Star, said China’s growth seemed to have revived and the US is also going to start witnessing growth.
“The world doesn’t have that much material to offer to cope with this growth. However, India is the hottest country in terms of growth,” Thiagarajan said. The company raised prices by 3 per cent ten days ago and it would keep monitoring the situation. If prices reduce then the company will roll back the price increase, he said. Thiagarajan anticipates a huge shortage of raw material due to growth in various economies. “You pay a price for growth. The price is going to be the waiting period and then there is going to be a cost attached to it.”
Note:- This article is from 30th May 2024. Kindly refer business standard newspaper for reading this article.
- Why are the consumer durables companies increasing the prices? What other factor has caused the cost to increase? (5 marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
In May 2024, consumer durables companies faced significant challenges due to escalating geopolitical tensions between Israel and Iran. These tensions led to substantial increases in container shipping costs, compelling companies to consider raising product prices. This situation mirrors previous disruptions where external factors severely impacted supply chains and operational co
- How much is super plastronics increasing its price and why? What is the reason for the cost going spiral which will impact the customer after all? (5 marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Super Plastronics, the brand licensee for Kodak televisions in India, announced plans to increase product prices in response to escalating operational costs. This decision reflects broader industry trends where companies adjust pricing strategies to maintain profitability amid rising
Cost and Management Accounting
April 2025 Examination
Question 1: Raja Brothers manufactures a product X. It is estimated that for each ton of material consumed, 1.00 articles should be produced. The standard price per ton of material is Rs. 10. During the first week in January 2024, 100 tons of material were issued to production, the price of which was Rs. 10.50 per ton. Production during the week was 10,200 articles. Compute the Cost Variance, Price Variance, Usage Variance, and Yield Variance with verification and workings. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Cost and Management Accounting plays a crucial role in evaluating the financial efficiency of an organization. It helps businesses analyze their production costs, control expenses, and improve profitability. One important aspect of cost accounting is variance analysis, which helps companies measure deviations from standard costs and take corrective actions. Variance analysis is particularly significant in manufacturing industries where materials, labor, and overhead costs are critical factors. By identifying cost variances, businesses can assess whether their actual costs align with their budgeted expectations. This process aids in improving resource utilization, optimizing production efficiency, and ensuring financial stability. In this context, we will discuss the different types of cost variances, particularly focusing on cost
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Question 2:
You are required to prepare an operating cost sheet showing the cost of electricity generated per unit of kWh by KLM Thermal Power Station for the year 2024.
| Total units generated | 7,00,000 kWh ₹ |
| Operating Labour | 43,750 |
| Plant Supervision | 6,250 |
| Lubricants & Supplies | 32,500 |
| Repairs & Maintenance | 21,000 |
| Administrative Overhead | 56,500 |
| Capital cost | 1,00,000 |
Following is the additional information:
- Depreciation rate chargeable is 2% per annum.
- Interest on capital is 11%.
- Coal consumed per kWh for the year is 2.205 lb and cost of coal delivered to the power station is Rs.125 per metric ton.
(10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
Operating cost analysis is an essential component of cost and management accounting, particularly for industries that rely on continuous production, such as power generation. Thermal power stations incur various costs, including labor, maintenance, fuel, and administrative expenses, which must be carefully managed to ensure profitability and efficiency. The operating cost sheet helps in determining the cost per unit of electricity generated, allowing companies to assess financial performance and identify areas for cost reduction. In thermal power generation, coal is a significant cost driver, and its efficient utilization plays a crucial role in managing expenses. By analyzing operating costs, power stations can optimize resource
Question 3:
- a. “Product costing is the process of calculating the costs associated with a product, while service costing is the process of calculating the costs associated with a service.”
To elaborate the above, explain the meaning of the two types and then distinguish between Service Costing and Product Costing. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Costing is an essential aspect of financial management that helps businesses determine the expenses associated with their products or services. Product costing involves calculating the cost of manufacturing a tangible good, whereas service costing focuses on the expenses incurred in delivering a service. Understanding these concepts helps businesses set prices, control costs, and improve profitability.
Concept and
- b. Dan Ltd manufactures a single commodity with a marginal cost of Rs.0.75 per unit. Rs.12,000 are fixed expenses. The demand is such that it can exchange up to Rs.40,000 units at Rs.1.50 per unit, so all further purchases are to be done at Rs.1.00 per unit. A planned profit of Rs.20,000 is in operation. How many units must be made and sold? (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Dan Ltd. manufactures a single commodity and incurs both fixed and variable costs in its production process. The company aims to achieve a planned profit by producing and selling a specific number of units. To determine the required production level, it is essential to analyze the cost structure, selling price, and contribution
Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management
April 2025 Examination
- Riya is an aspiring entrepreneur who has recently come up with a promising idea for a tech startup. However, she faces a major hurdle – raising enough funds to bring her vision to life. After exploring various options, Riya decides to approach the capital market to seek funding. She begins researching how the capital market works and realizes that it can play a vital role in the growth of her startup. Highlights the functions of capital market plays in the financial system. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
The capital market plays a fundamental role in the financial system by facilitating the movement of funds from investors to businesses, enabling economic growth and development. For an aspiring entrepreneur like Riya, the capital market offers a structured avenue to secure funding, which is essential for transforming her tech startup idea into reality. Unlike traditional financing options such as bank loans, capital markets provide access to a larger pool of investors
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- Arvind is a financial analyst working at a leading investment firm. Arvind decides to use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate the expected return on the stock. While working on the model, Arvind’s senior warnings about the limitations of CAPM, especially in real-world applications. Although CAPM is a widely used model, it comes with certain assumptions that might not always hold true in the actual market. Describe all those limitations which Arvind has to keep in mind. (10 Marks)
Ans 2.
Introduction
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a fundamental financial model used to determine the expected return of an asset based on its systematic risk. Developed by William Sharpe, CAPM establishes a relationship between an asset’s expected return and its beta, which measures the asset’s sensitivity to
3a. Mr. Aditya purchase 500 shares of XYZ co. at Rs.100 each. During the year company declare a dividend 50 per share. At the end of year Mr. Aditya sale, the shares at Rs.200 per share. Calculate total return at the end of the year. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Investing in the stock market offers opportunities for capital appreciation and dividend income, which together contribute to an investor’s total return. Mr. Aditya’s investment in XYZ Co. is a prime example of how stock market returns are generated through both price appreciation and dividend payments. Understanding total return is crucial for evaluating the profitability
- Ajay has recently started investing in the stock market. He has been reading a lot about the potential of earning high returns, but he is also keen on understanding the various costs associated with trading stocks. Suppose you are good friend of Ajay & investing in the stock market from last few years. Explain him about the different types of transaction costs involved while trading. (5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
Investing in the stock market comes with potential returns, but it also involves various transaction costs that can impact an investor’s net profits. Ajay, a new investor, is keen on understanding these costs to make informed trading decisions. As an experienced investor, it is essential to explain to him the
Micro Economics
April 2025 Examination
- ABC Manufacturing produces a popular brand of smartphones and is planning to launch a new model in a highly competitive market. To decide on the pricing strategy, the management wants to understand how the demand for their smartphones will change if they alter the price. They also wish to explore how different types of products may react differently to price changes.
In the context of ABC Manufacturing’s scenario, explain the concept of price elasticity of demand. Discuss the various types of price elasticity of demand and how this understanding can help the company determine an effective pricing strategy for their new smartphone model. (10 Marks)
Ans 1.
Introduction
Pricing strategy is one of the most critical decisions for any company launching a new product, especially in a highly competitive market such as smartphones. ABC Manufacturing, which plans to introduce a new smartphone model, must consider how changes in price will influence consumer demand. This relationship between price and quantity demanded is explained by the concept of price elasticity of demand (PED). Understanding PED allows firms to anticipate market reactions, optimize pricing strategies, and maximize revenue. Smartphones, like many consumer electronics, exhibit varied demand sensitivities based on factors such as brand loyalty, availability of substitutes, and consumer preferences. By analyzing PED, ABC Manufacturing can determine whether their new model should be priced competitively or positioned as a premium
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- Explain the concepts of Total Utility and Marginal Utility with appropriate illustrations and their real-life applications. Given the data, compute the Marginal Utility for each unit of the good consumed, and analyze how it changes as consumption increases. (10 Marks)
| Unit Consumed | Total Utility | Marginal Utility |
| 0 | 0 | |
| 1 | 15 | |
| 2 | 27 | |
| 3 | 36 | |
| 4 | 42 | |
| 5 | 45 |
Ans 2.
Introduction
Utility is a fundamental concept in microeconomics that helps explain consumer behavior regarding satisfaction derived from consuming goods and services. When individuals make consumption decisions, they seek to maximize their satisfaction or utility. Total Utility (TU) refers to the overall satisfaction gained from consuming a certain quantity of a good, while Marginal Utility (MU) represents the additional satisfaction obtained from consuming one more unit of the good. The law
3a. Mr. Arjun, an economics student, is preparing a project comparing different types of economies. While researching, he learns about the capitalist, socialist, and mixed economic systems and their unique features. However, he is particularly interested in understanding the role of government in a capitalist or free enterprise system and a socialist system.
In the context of Mr. Arjun’s research, elaborate on the three types of economies and the role of the government in each economy. (5 Marks)
Ans 3a.
Introduction
Economic systems define how resources are allocated, how production is organized, and how goods and services are distributed in a society. There are three primary types of economies: capitalist (free market), socialist (command economy), and mixed economy. Each system varies in terms of government intervention, ownership of resources, and decision-making processes. Mr. Arjun’s research focuses on understanding the role of government in these economies. While capitalism promotes
3b. Calculate the price elasticity of supply (PES) from the given data and interpret the result.
| Price (Rs) | Quantity Supplied (Units) |
| 100 | 40 |
| 120 | 50 |
(5 Marks)
Ans 3b.
Introduction
The Price Elasticity of Supply (PES) measures how the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in its price. It helps businesses and policymakers understand how quickly producers can adjust supply when market prices fluctuate. If supply is highly elastic, producers can respond rapidly to price